Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya

Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman; Micah Nyabiba Asamba

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, Micah Nyabiba Asamba

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 15 September 2021 Accepted: 23 November 2021 Published: 9 December 2021

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Abstract

Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL^-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL^-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL^-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL^-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL^-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL^-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL^-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL^-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL^-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL^-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
Page(s)	88-95
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chlorpyrifos, HPLC, Acaricides, Accumulation, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues

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APA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. (2021). Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9(4), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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ACS Style

Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2021, 9(4), 88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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AMA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci J Anal Chem. 2021;9(4):88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12,
  author = {Atego Norbert Adum and Gicharu Gibson and Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo and Paul Sifuna Oshule and Suliman Essuman and Micah Nyabiba Asamba},
  title = {Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {88-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya
AU - Atego Norbert Adum
AU - Gicharu Gibson
AU - Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo
AU - Paul Sifuna Oshule
AU - Suliman Essuman
AU - Micah Nyabiba Asamba
Y1 - 2021/12/09
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
DO - 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
T2 - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP - 88
EP - 95
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2376-8053
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
AB - Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.
VL - 9
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Atego Norbert Adum

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Gicharu Gibson

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Paul Sifuna Oshule

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Suliman Essuman

Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Micah Nyabiba Asamba

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

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Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. (2021). Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9(4), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2021, 9(4), 88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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AMA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci J Anal Chem. 2021;9(4):88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12,
  author = {Atego Norbert Adum and Gicharu Gibson and Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo and Paul Sifuna Oshule and Suliman Essuman and Micah Nyabiba Asamba},
  title = {Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {88-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.},
 year = {2021}
}

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