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Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements in Water, Fish and Sediment of Atabong River, Nigeria
Emmanuel Isaac Uwah,
Raphael Umoh Okon,
Essien Daniel Udosen,
Okon Monday Udoidiong
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
77-87
Received:
2 September 2021
Accepted:
24 September 2021
Published:
15 October 2021
Abstract: Water pollution is a serious environmental problem. It comprises of the damages done to the physical, chemical and biological properties of water due to anthropogenic activities. Such damages could have serious detrimental effects on the quality and suitability of the water and even the aquatic organisms in the water, for any use. In view of this, levels of Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr and Cd were evaluated in water, fish (Brycinus nurse) and sediment from Atabong River in Okobo, Nigeria, during the dry and wet seasons in order to ascertain the suitability of the water and fish for human use. Samples were digested according to standard methods and analysed using Unicam 939/935 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Physicochemical parameters were also quantified in the water samples using standard procedures. The results revealed variable levels of the investigated physicochemical parameters in the water samples from each of the sampling stations. For instance, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 4.2 to 5.25 mg/L in the two seasons. Trace metals levels in water followed the trend: Cr > Ni > Mn = Cd > Pb, and Cr > Ni > Cd > Mn >Pb for dry and wet seasons, respectively. In sediment, the trend was: Mn > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb, and Cr > Cd > Ni > Mn > Pb for dry and wet seasons, respectively. In fish, it was: Cr > Mn = Cd > Ni > Pb and Mn > Ni > Cr = Cd > Pb. The trace metals levels in water, fish and sediment were below the permissible limits stipulated by WHO and USEPA. Bioaccumulation factor analysis revealed the trend: Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd for dry season and Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr for wet season with regards to fish pollution status. Health risk assessment due to consumption of fish, water and dermal contact with the water, showed low risk as the hazard quotient and hazard index were less than unity in each case. In conclusion, the analysed fish, water and sediment contained variable levels of the investigated trace metals and the levels were below the limits that could cause toxicity in humans consuming the water and fish at the time of the study. For the purpose of monitoring and documentation, periodic investigation of the investigated trace metals in the river system is highly recommended.
Abstract: Water pollution is a serious environmental problem. It comprises of the damages done to the physical, chemical and biological properties of water due to anthropogenic activities. Such damages could have serious detrimental effects on the quality and suitability of the water and even the aquatic organisms in the water, for any use. In view of this, ...
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Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya
Atego Norbert Adum,
Gicharu Gibson,
Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo,
Paul Sifuna Oshule,
Suliman Essuman,
Micah Nyabiba Asamba
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
88-95
Received:
15 September 2021
Accepted:
23 November 2021
Published:
9 December 2021
Abstract: Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.
Abstract: Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, ...
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Air Quality in Terms of Airborne Particulate Matters PM2.5 and PM10 at Analakely in Antananarivo City-Madagascar
Elise Octavie Rasoazanany,
Natolotriniavo Nomena Fitiavana Andrianirinamanantsoa,
Njaka Namelantsoa Andriamahenina,
Herinirina Nomenjanahary Ravoson,
Manovantsoatsiferana Harinoely,
Lucienne Voahangilalao Rakotozafy,
Raoelina Andriambololona,
Joël Rajaobelison
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
96-103
Received:
5 November 2021
Accepted:
1 December 2021
Published:
9 December 2021
Abstract: There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Airborne Particulate Matter, particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Air quality index (AQI) is a quantitative tool through which air pollution data can be reported, providing information on how clean or polluted the air is. This AQI focuses on health effects people may experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air. The present study was carried out to determine the concentrations of ambient air quality in terms of airborne particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter lower than 10 mm (PM10) in the aerosol collected at Analakely along the busy roads of Antananarivo city (Madagascar). Evaluation of the concentrations of ambient PM10 were determined on the basis of PM10 size fractions at the selected site. The air quality is measured with the Air Quality Index. The result shows that Air Quality Indices in the study area vary from 22.28 to 138.39 for PM2.5 and from 22.53 to 105.69 for PM10. For PM2.5, 27% of the collected samples are categorized as good quality, 67% as moderate quality and 6% as unhealthy quality for sensitive people. For the PM10 parameter, 44% are of good quality, 54% of moderate quality and only 2% of unhealthy quality for sensitive people. For the particulate matters, all results are compared to the World Health Organization and United States Environmental Protection Agency air quality guidelines. Almost their concentrations are exceeding these guidelines. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor the air quality in this site. Moreover, such a report allows the authorities to project how reducing particulate air pollution could benefit the health of the population.
Abstract: There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Airborne Particulate Matter, particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Air quality index (AQI) is a quantitative tool through which air pollution data ca...
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Metal Complexes of Heterocyclic Sulphonamide: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity
Kingsley John Orie,
Remy Ukachukwu Duru,
Raphael I-oro Ngochindo
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
104-109
Received:
16 November 2021
Accepted:
2 December 2021
Published:
9 December 2021
Abstract: The metal complex of heterocyclic sulphonamide with aminopyridine is a substantial class of pharmaceutical drugs used to treat infection, diabetes, anti-inflammatory issues and neurological disorders in the field of medicinal chemistry. The research reports the synthesis, characterization and biological activity of metal complexes of heterocyclic sulphonamide of aminopyridine. Sulphonamide of heterocyclic pyridine was synthesized by reacting 2-aminopyridine and tosyl chloride in an aqueous alkaline solution at ambient temperature. The iron (II) and copper (II) complexes of the ligand were also synthesized and recrystallized with suitable solvents, and the purity levels were ascertained with melting point and thin layer chromatographic pattern. Structural elucidation of the compounds was done via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) Infrared (IR), Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) Micro elemental analysis. Some absorption bands in the IR spectrum of heterocyclic sulphonamide derivatives were found to shift either to higher or lower wavenumbers in the complexes, indicating the involvement of azomethine nitrogen in coordination with the metal ion. The synthesized ligand and its metal complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram (-) Escherichia coli, Gram (-) Salmonella typhi, Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ligand did not show activity against the selected bacterial and fungal strains whereas; some of the coordinated ligands gave a substantial improvement on their bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The complex of copper (II) was not bioactive to all the bacteria strains but sensitive to all the fungi strains. The complex of iron (II) was susceptible to the bacteria and fungi strains, except Aspergillus flavus that was inactive. When compared to Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole, with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, the standard antimicrobial agents were better in sensitivity than the synthesized compound.
Abstract: The metal complex of heterocyclic sulphonamide with aminopyridine is a substantial class of pharmaceutical drugs used to treat infection, diabetes, anti-inflammatory issues and neurological disorders in the field of medicinal chemistry. The research reports the synthesis, characterization and biological activity of metal complexes of heterocyclic s...
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Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in Water Samples from Various Region of Mekran Using Spectroscopic Technique
Kamal Syed,
Haneef-ur-Rehman,
Muhammad Haroon,
Naeem Ullah,
Abdul Saboor,
Rooh Ullah,
Shakira Allah Baksh
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
110-114
Received:
1 November 2021
Accepted:
6 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: Heavy metals are the metals that are found at the bottom of the periodic table and have a higher density than 5 g/cm3. Even though heavy metals are necessary for organisms in little amounts but they can be poisonous to the living environment in high amounts. chemical wastes of industries, dumping of hospitals wastes into rivers and other materials which contain heavy metals are main causative ways of serious health hazards. Water is an important component of life on earth and it helps all activities carry out in living creatures. Clean and healthy water is the basic need for living organisms. This research was carried out on heavy metal analysis in drinking water in two districts of Balochistan named Kech and Gwadar. 13 water samples were collected from both districts. The concentration of zinc, chromium, iron, copper, arsenic, nickel, manganese of water samples was analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and colorimetric methods. The highest concentration was analyzed in heavy metals in District Kech, Copper (Cu) 0.09 ppm, Iron (Fe) 5.55 ppm, Zinc (Zn) 0.35 ppm, Nickel (Ni) 0.22 ppm, Manganese (Mn) 0.743 ppm, Chromium (Cr) 0.05 ppm and Arsenic (As) was not detected. The highest concentration was analyzed in heavy metals in District Gwadar, Copper (Cu) 0.08 ppm, Iron (Fe) 3.36 ppm, Zinc (Zn) 0.43 ppm, Nickel (Ni) 0.22 ppm, Manganese (Mn) 0.140 ppm, Chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) were not detected. The aims and objectives of this study are to determine the mean concentrations of heavy metals including Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, As, Mn, and Fe in water samples of different regions of Mekran Balochistan. People of Mekran mostly use water from lakes, rivers, and stream water for drinking and other purposes. There is no water purification system in the Mekran region and people are being affected by drinking contamination of water, in which heavy metals are one of the main causative ways of health effects. This research will enhance the knowledge of the local people of the Mekran division about the toxicity of water contamination, especially heavy metals.
Abstract: Heavy metals are the metals that are found at the bottom of the periodic table and have a higher density than 5 g/cm3. Even though heavy metals are necessary for organisms in little amounts but they can be poisonous to the living environment in high amounts. chemical wastes of industries, dumping of hospitals wastes into rivers and other materials ...
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