Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Chuma Okoye; Njideka Veronica Nwankwo; Uche Virginia Okpala; Cecilia Aduaka; Nneka Onyirioha

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Chuma Okoye, Njideka Veronica Nwankwo, Uche Virginia Okpala, Cecilia Aduaka, Nneka Onyirioha

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)

Received: 14 March 2022 Accepted: 14 April 2022 Published: 12 May 2022

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10^-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10^-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10^-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10^-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
Page(s)	23-28
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Beans, Corn, Food, Gas Chromatography, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

References

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[8]	I. M. Odika, B. O. C Okoye, M. O. Odionyenma and U. V. Okpala (2020). Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs in Grain Legumes from Markets in Anambra and Enugu States of Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 9 (5): 3035- 3040.
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[13]	A. A. K. Abou-Arab, M. A. M. Abou-Donia, F. M. S. El-Dars, O. L. M. Ali and A. G. Hossam (2014). Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some Egyptian vegetables and fruits and their influences by some treatments. Int. J Curr. Microbiol App Sci, 3: 277-293.
[14]	G. Tuteja, C. Rout and N. R. Bishnoi (2011). Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Leafy and Underground Vegetables: A Case Study Around Panipat City, Haryana, India. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4: 611-620.
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[18]	T. Madhujith, M. Naczk and F. Shahidi (2004). Antioxidant activity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) J Food Lipids, 11: 220-233.
[19]	Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Statistic Division. (2009). Maize, Rice and Wheat, Area Harvested, Production, Quantity Yield. http://faostat3.fao.org. Retrieved 2000-3-21.
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[27]	Olabemiwo, O. M., Tella, A. C., Omodara, N. B., Esan A. O. and Alabede Oladapo. (2013). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Local Snacks in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3 (2): 90-97.
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APA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Chuma Okoye, Njideka Veronica Nwankwo, Uche Virginia Okpala, Cecilia Aduaka, et al. (2022). Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 10(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Chuma Okoye; Njideka Veronica Nwankwo; Uche Virginia Okpala; Cecilia Aduaka, et al. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2022, 10(2), 23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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AMA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Chuma Okoye, Njideka Veronica Nwankwo, Uche Virginia Okpala, Cecilia Aduaka, et al. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Sci J Anal Chem. 2022;10(2):23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryrose Odika and Chuma Okoye and Njideka Veronica Nwankwo and Uche Virginia Okpala and Cecilia Aduaka and Nneka Onyirioha},
  title = {Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {23-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria
AU  - Ifeoma Maryrose Odika
AU  - Chuma Okoye
AU  - Njideka Veronica Nwankwo
AU  - Uche Virginia Okpala
AU  - Cecilia Aduaka
AU  - Nneka Onyirioha
Y1  - 2022/05/12
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 23
EP  - 28
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Chuma Okoye

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Njideka Veronica Nwankwo

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Uche Virginia Okpala

Department of Chemistry Education, Federal College of Education (Techinal) Umunze, Umunze, Nigeria
Cecilia Aduaka

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Nneka Onyirioha

Department of Chemistry Education, Federal College of Education (Techinal) Umunze, Umunze, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Chuma Okoye, Njideka Veronica Nwankwo, Uche Virginia Okpala, Cecilia Aduaka, et al. (2022). Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 10(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Chuma Okoye; Njideka Veronica Nwankwo; Uche Virginia Okpala; Cecilia Aduaka, et al. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2022, 10(2), 23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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AMA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Chuma Okoye, Njideka Veronica Nwankwo, Uche Virginia Okpala, Cecilia Aduaka, et al. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria. Sci J Anal Chem. 2022;10(2):23-28. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryrose Odika and Chuma Okoye and Njideka Veronica Nwankwo and Uche Virginia Okpala and Cecilia Aduaka and Nneka Onyirioha},
  title = {Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {23-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Pahs Concentration Levels in Types of Beans and Maize from Markets in South East Nigeria
AU  - Ifeoma Maryrose Odika
AU  - Chuma Okoye
AU  - Njideka Veronica Nwankwo
AU  - Uche Virginia Okpala
AU  - Cecilia Aduaka
AU  - Nneka Onyirioha
Y1  - 2022/05/12
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 23
EP  - 28
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20221002.12
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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